The American computer scientist and cognitive scientist John McCarthy is credited as one of the founders of artificial intelligence. Machine learning was founded on his theories about the nature of intelligence. McCarthy's ideas go beyond AI. McCarthy also pioneered other areas of computer science such as Time-sharing technology and chess programs. He also created LISP. We will be looking at his most significant ideas and learning what makes him so important in computer science's history.
chess program
Charles Niessen, Elwyn Berlekamp and Michael Lieberman, MIT freshmen, wrote a chess programme based on the concepts minmax and a plausible generator in 1959. They improved McCarthy's original work by adding a new alpha-beta pruning algorithm and a plausible move generator. The computer program could determine a move in five to twenty minute depending on its difficulty.
Time-sharing technology
Time-sharing refers the concept of using one computer to allow interactive general-purpose computing. Early mainframe computers couldn't support multiple concurrent users. Computers can now share idle time or small chunks of input time with time-sharing systems. Most time-sharing computers work in batch mode and are available overnight. Time-sharing computer systems were popular in scientific research during the 1950s.
LISP is created
When McCarthy started writing routines for a chess playing computer, he realized that the language's syntax was far too complicated for his purposes. He devised the "true conditional expression" to solve this problem. The "true" conditional expression returns sub-expression A if the test is successful, and returns sub-expression B if it fails. The sub-expression returned by the compiler is evaluated, and not the original.
Conservative politics
It is not surprising that prominent Republicans and conservative pundits are calling for the arrest of prochoice protestors in a period of political polarization. This latest controversy is reminiscent of the McCarthy-era statute which prohibited protests against prosecutions of suspected communists. Yet, this manufactured outrage is just that - manufactured to divert attention from the real issue - the threat of a conservative supermajority's attempts to strip basic reproductive rights from tens of millions of people in roughly half of the country.
You can work on artificial intelligence
John McCarthy graduated from Princeton with a PhD. He then co-founded the MIT Artificial Intelligence Systems Laboratory and Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory. He was also a professor at Dartmouth, Stanford, and at Dartmouth. McCarthy received the A.M. Turing Award from the Association of Computing Machinery in 1971. This award is the highest honour in the field of computer sciences. He was awarded the National Medal of Science, the Kyoto Prize, and the National Medal of Science in 1998. He was also a National Academies Member.
FAQ
How does AI function?
An artificial neural network is made up of many simple processors called neurons. Each neuron receives inputs and then processes them using mathematical operations.
Neurons are arranged in layers. Each layer has its own function. The first layer receives raw data like sounds, images, etc. It then passes this data on to the second layer, which continues processing them. The final layer then produces an output.
Each neuron also has a weighting number. This value is multiplied when new input arrives and added to all other values. The neuron will fire if the result is higher than zero. It sends a signal up the line, telling the next Neuron what to do.
This continues until the network's end, when the final results are achieved.
Where did AI come?
Artificial intelligence began in 1950 when Alan Turing suggested a test for intelligent machines. He stated that intelligent machines could trick people into believing they are talking to another person.
John McCarthy later took up the idea and wrote an essay titled "Can Machines Think?" John McCarthy published an essay entitled "Can Machines Think?" in 1956. He described the difficulties faced by AI researchers and offered some solutions.
AI: Good or bad?
AI is seen in both a positive and a negative light. The positive side is that AI makes it possible to complete tasks faster than ever. Programming programs that can perform word processing and spreadsheets is now much easier than ever. Instead, instead we ask our computers how to do these tasks.
People fear that AI may replace humans. Many believe robots will one day surpass their creators in intelligence. This may lead to them taking over certain jobs.
Which are some examples for AI applications?
AI can be used in many areas including finance, healthcare and manufacturing. Here are just some examples:
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Finance - AI already helps banks detect fraud. AI can identify suspicious activity by scanning millions of transactions daily.
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Healthcare – AI is used in healthcare to detect cancerous cells and recommend treatment options.
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Manufacturing - AI is used to increase efficiency in factories and reduce costs.
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Transportation - Self-driving cars have been tested successfully in California. They are being tested across the globe.
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Utilities are using AI to monitor power consumption patterns.
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Education - AI has been used for educational purposes. Students can communicate with robots through their smartphones, for instance.
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Government - AI is being used within governments to help track terrorists, criminals, and missing people.
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Law Enforcement - AI is being used as part of police investigations. Databases containing thousands hours of CCTV footage are available for detectives to search.
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Defense - AI systems can be used offensively as well defensively. It is possible to hack into enemy computers using AI systems. Protect military bases from cyber attacks with AI.
AI: Why do we use it?
Artificial intelligence (computer science) is the study of artificial behavior. It can be used in practical applications such a robotics, natural languages processing, game-playing, and other areas of computer science.
AI can also be referred to by the term machine learning. This is the study of how machines learn and operate without being explicitly programmed.
There are two main reasons why AI is used:
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To make our lives easier.
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To be better than ourselves at doing things.
A good example of this would be self-driving cars. AI is able to take care of driving the car for us.
What is the latest AI invention
Deep Learning is the most recent AI invention. Deep learning is an artificial intelligence technique that uses neural networks (a type of machine learning) to perform tasks such as image recognition, speech recognition, language translation, and natural language processing. Google was the first to develop it.
Google's most recent use of deep learning was to create a program that could write its own code. This was done with "Google Brain", a neural system that was trained using massive amounts of data taken from YouTube videos.
This enabled the system to create programs for itself.
IBM announced in 2015 that they had developed a computer program capable creating music. Also, neural networks can be used to create music. These are called "neural network for music" (NN-FM).
Statistics
- In 2019, AI adoption among large companies increased by 47% compared to 2018, according to the latest Artificial IntelligenceIndex report. (marsner.com)
- Additionally, keeping in mind the current crisis, the AI is designed in a manner where it reduces the carbon footprint by 20-40%. (analyticsinsight.net)
- In the first half of 2017, the company discovered and banned 300,000 terrorist-linked accounts, 95 percent of which were found by non-human, artificially intelligent machines. (builtin.com)
- More than 70 percent of users claim they book trips on their phones, review travel tips, and research local landmarks and restaurants. (builtin.com)
- According to the company's website, more than 800 financial firms use AlphaSense, including some Fortune 500 corporations. (builtin.com)
External Links
How To
How to make an AI program simple
Basic programming skills are required in order to build an AI program. There are many programming languages out there, but Python is the most popular. You can also find free online resources such as YouTube videos or courses.
Here's how to setup a basic project called Hello World.
First, open a new document. This can be done using Ctrl+N (Windows) or Command+N (Macs).
In the box, enter hello world. Enter to save the file.
For the program to run, press F5
The program should display Hello World!
But this is only the beginning. These tutorials will show you how to create more complex programs.