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John McCarthy - Computer Science: A Brief History

By David Jacobs 4 July, 2023 2 mins read

John McCarthy, an American cognitive scientist and computer scientist, is recognized as one of the original founders of artificial Intelligence. His theories on the nature of intelligence have become the foundations of machine learning. McCarthy's ideas extend beyond AI. McCarthy was also an innovator in other areas of computer sciences, including Time-sharing technology, Chess programs, as well as the creation of LISP. We'll examine his most notable ideas and discover what made him an important figure within the history.

Chess program

Charles Niessen, Elwyn Bernlekamp, Michael Lieberman and Alan Kotok were MIT students who created a chess program based upon the concepts of minmax in 1959. McCarthy's original work had been improved by McCarthy's new alphabeta pruning algorithm. Also, they added a plausible generation of moves. The computer program could calculate one move in between five and twenty minutes depending on its difficulty.

Time-sharing technology

Time-sharing refers to the use of a single computer for interactive general-purpose computing. Early mainframe computers did not have the capacity to support multiple concurrent users and were therefore expensive. The advent of time-sharing computers allows computers to share idle and limited input time. Time-sharing computer system operate in batch mode, and most of them work overnight. In the 1950s, time sharing computer systems was common for scientific research.

LISP Creation

McCarthy began to create routines for the chess computer. But he quickly realized that the syntax was too complicated. He devised the "true conditional expression" to solve this problem. The "true" conditional expression returns sub-expression A if the test is successful, and returns sub-expression B if it fails. The compiler evaluates the sub-expression that is returned, not the original.

Conservative politics

Pro-choice activists are being arrested by prominent Republicans and conservative pundits in an era of political division. This latest controversy recalls the McCarthy-era statute, which forbade protests against the prosecutions of suspected communists. However, this manufactured outrage has been manufactured to distract from the real issue. That is the threat from a conservative supermajority trying to remove basic reproductive rights for tens of million people in roughly half our country.

Develop artificial intelligence

John McCarthy was awarded a PhD by Princeton. He co-founded both the Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory MIT Artificial Intelligent Systems Laboratory. He was also a professor at Dartmouth, Stanford, and at Dartmouth. McCarthy received the A.M. Turing Award from the Association of Computing Machinery in 1971. This award is the highest honour in the field of computer sciences. In 1988, he was awarded the Kyoto Prize and the National Medal of Science. He was also a member the National Academies.

FAQ

What are the possibilities for AI?

AI can be used for two main purposes:

* Prediction - AI systems can predict future events. A self-driving vehicle can, for example, use AI to spot traffic lights and then stop at them.

* Decision making-AI systems can make our decisions. You can have your phone recognize faces and suggest people to call.

Are there risks associated with AI use?

It is. They will always be. AI could pose a serious threat to society in general, according experts. Others argue that AI is necessary and beneficial to improve the quality life.

AI's greatest threat is its potential for misuse. If AI becomes too powerful, it could lead to dangerous outcomes. This includes autonomous weapons and robot rulers.

AI could take over jobs. Many fear that AI will replace humans. But others think that artificial intelligence could free up workers to focus on other aspects of their job.

For instance, some economists predict that automation could increase productivity and reduce unemployment.

Which industries use AI most frequently?

Automotive is one of the first to adopt AI. BMW AG uses AI, Ford Motor Company uses AI, and General Motors employs AI to power its autonomous car fleet.

Other AI industries include insurance, banking, healthcare, retail and telecommunications.

How does AI work?

An algorithm is a set or instructions that tells the computer how to solve a particular problem. An algorithm is a set of steps. Each step must be executed according to a specific condition. A computer executes each instructions sequentially until all conditions can be met. This process repeats until the final result is achieved.

Let's say, for instance, you want to find 5. You could write down every single number between 1 and 10, calculate the square root for each one, and then take the average. That's not really practical, though, so instead, you could write down the following formula:

sqrt(x) x^0.5

This will tell you to square the input then divide it twice and multiply it by 2.

The same principle is followed by a computer. It takes your input, multiplies it with 0.5, divides it again, subtracts 1 then outputs the result.

What are some examples AI applications?

AI is being used in many different areas, such as finance, healthcare management, manufacturing and transportation. Here are just some examples:

Finance - AI can already detect fraud in banks. AI can spot suspicious activity in transactions that exceed millions.
Healthcare – AI helps diagnose and spot cancerous cell, and recommends treatments.
Manufacturing - AI in factories is used to increase efficiency, and decrease costs.
Transportation - Self Driving Cars have been successfully demonstrated in California. They are being tested in various parts of the world.
Utilities can use AI to monitor electricity usage patterns.
Education - AI is being used in education. For example, students can interact with robots via their smartphones.
Government - AI can be used within government to track terrorists, criminals, or missing people.
Law Enforcement – AI is being used in police investigations. Search databases that contain thousands of hours worth of CCTV footage can be searched by detectives.
Defense - AI is being used both offensively and defensively. An AI system can be used to hack into enemy systems. Protect military bases from cyber attacks with AI.

Why is AI so important?

It is estimated that within 30 years, we will have trillions of devices connected to the internet. These devices will cover everything from fridges to cars. Internet of Things (IoT), which is the result of the interaction of billions of devices and internet, is what it all looks like. IoT devices can communicate with one another and share information. They will also have the ability to make their own decisions. A fridge might decide to order more milk based upon past consumption patterns.

It is estimated that 50 billion IoT devices will exist by 2025. This is an enormous opportunity for businesses. But, there are many privacy and security concerns.

Statistics

A 2021 Pew Research survey revealed that 37 percent of respondents who are more concerned than excited about AI had concerns including job loss, privacy, and AI's potential to “surpass human skills.” (builtin.com)
That's as many of us that have been in that AI space would say, it's about 70 or 80 percent of the work. (finra.org)
More than 70 percent of users claim they book trips on their phones, review travel tips, and research local landmarks and restaurants. (builtin.com)
By using BrainBox AI, commercial buildings can reduce total energy costs by 25% and improves occupant comfort by 60%. (analyticsinsight.net)
Additionally, keeping in mind the current crisis, the AI is designed in a manner where it reduces the carbon footprint by 20-40%. (analyticsinsight.net)

How To

How to set Siri up to talk when charging

Siri can do many things, but one thing she cannot do is speak back to you. Your iPhone does not have a microphone. Bluetooth or another method is required to make Siri respond to you.

Here's how you can make Siri talk when charging.

Under "When Using assistive touch" select "Speak When Locked".
To activate Siri, hold down the home button two times.
Siri can speak.
Say, "Hey Siri."
Just say "OK."
Tell me, "Tell Me Something Interesting!"
Say "I'm bored," "Play some music," "Call my friend," "Remind me about, ""Take a picture," "Set a timer," "Check out," and so on.
Speak "Done"
Thank her by saying "Thank you"
If you are using an iPhone X/XS, remove the battery cover.
Replace the battery.
Connect the iPhone to your computer.
Connect the iPhone to iTunes.
Sync your iPhone.
Set the "Use toggle" switch to On